UNION AFRICAINE
AFRICAN UNION
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Af rican Commission on Human & Peoples · Rights
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UNIAO AFRICANA
Commission Africaine des Droits de /'Homme & des Peuples
31 Bijilo Annex Layout. Kombo North District, Western Region, P. 0 . Box 673, Banjul, TheGambia
Tel: (220) 4410505 / 4410506; Fax: (220) 4410504
E-mail: au-baniu/(roafrica-union.ora· Web www.achDr.ora
Communication 661/17
Amir Fam & 141 Others
V
Egypt
Adopted by the
.African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
during the 22"" Extra-Ordinary Sesslon, from 29July to 'l"' August 2017
Dakar, Republic ofSenegal
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Commissioner Soyata Maiga
Chairperson ofthe Aftican Commission
on Human and Peoples' Rights
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• Dr. Mary Maboreke
' Secretary to the Aftican Commission on
Human and Peoples' Rights
Decision of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights on Seizure
Communication 661/17: Amir Fam & 141 Others v The Arab Republic of Egypt
Summary of the Complaint:
1. The Secretariat of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (the
Secretariat) received a Complaint on 07 June 2017 from Amir Fam (the Complainant) on
behalf of himself and 141 Others (the Victims).
2. The Complaint is submitted against the Arab Republic of Egypt (the Respondent State) a
State Party to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (the African Charter),
having ratified the same on 20 March 1984.
3. The Complainant alleges that after the 23 July 1952 military coup led by Gamal Abdel
Nasser, Egypt was transformed from a democratic monarchy into a military dictatorship.
4. The Complainant avers that in order to gain popular support, the new military
dictatorship on 18 September 1952 imposed a reduction by 15 % of all rental agreements
without compensation to landlords of the rented properties.
5. The Complainant states further that subsequent rental reductions were imposed by the
military dictatorship as follows: 1955 by 20%; 1958 by 20% and 1961 by 20%. The
Complainant avers that in 1962 rent assessment committees called "Communism
Committees" were formed to estimate new rentals. In 1965 the last rental reduction by
35% took place for all properties constructed since 1961, including those that had
previously been estimated by the Communism Committees. The Complainant reiterates
that all these impositions of reductions in the rental agreements revoked the rights of
landlords in favour of tenants and w ere done without any compensation to the owners
/ landlords of the properties.
6. The Complainant claims that the rent assessment committees continued to enforce very
low rentals for all units (villas, shops, apartments), with estimates less than the actual
cost.
7. The Complainant also claims that the regime forbade the landlords from evacuating the
units at the end of the contractual period and also forced the contract extension for
generations which is still ongoing to the present.
8. The Complainant alleges that rental amounts were fixed (65 years ago) at a rate of 36-180
EGP (2-10 USD) annually, despite operational costs that landlords were obliged to pay
(including utility and security) which increased dramatically and became ,,j
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multiples of the revenue collected from the units. The Government agencies f . , ~ -t, , ~
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hundreds of thousands of rental units from individual landlords for 7-20 EGP per
month.
9. The Complainant claims that with the restrictions in place, it became impossible for
landlords to increase rents or to sell the property, unless to the tenants and then for only
a fraction of the market value, especially since the government imposed an extension of
rental contracts for more than two generations (120 years). Landlords also cannot
evacuate tenants in order to renovate the property or demolish it and rebuild another
when the lifespan of the property comes to an end.
10. The Complainant submits that the regime forbade the evacuation of the units when the
life of the property came to an end, when the landlord needed the units for his personal
use, his children or relatives, or even for a pressing need.
11. The Complainant alleges that the restrictions imposed by the regime influenced the nonpayment of rents by tenants, notwithstanding the very low rents. Also, judicial
proceedings to recover rents or force the defaulting tenants to quit the property became
unduly prolonged and costly.
12. The Complainant avers that due to the very low revenue, landlords became unable to
pay for maintenance and renovation of their property. Ironically, the Complainant avers,
in case of structural damage, the landlords are obliged to pay for restoration or face
juridical consequences including jail terms, when on their part they cannot even
evacuate the tenants to effect restoration. As a consequence, the Complainant states, the
majority of real estate properties are in a deteriorating state with over four hundred
buildings collapsing every year, often resulting in the death of tenants.
13. The Complainant also alleges that due to the very low rents and difficulties to evict
tenants, tenants have been able to remain in units with impunity, not paying their rents
and even extorting exorbitant amounts from landlords to end the rental and vacate the
premise.
14. The Complainant also submits that more than 16 million units now remain vacant,
including three million units under the Rent Control Law, left empty by tenants who
moved to units that they were able to construct themselves because of the savings on
rent payment; and five million units left empty by landlords who refused to put it in the
market because of the arbitrary laws.
15. The Complainant alleges that the whole regime is implicated in this corruption scheme,
including executives, legislators, senior military and police officials, judges and their
families, who rent millions of units for less than 1USD per month, and would prevent
any changes in the law from which they are benefitting.
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16. The Complainant submits that in 2016 the Government publicly pledged to solve the
problems caused by the arbitrary rent laws, but has not submitted any modification to
Parliament.
17. The Complainant submits further that many constitutional cases have been filed before
the national courts relating to this issue. In 1996 and 1997 a Constitutional Court judge
tried to annul the arbitrary rent laws, which resulted in his replacement. More cases
were filed in 2008, and to date, nine years later, the Constitutional Court is yet to rule on
these cases.
18. The Complainant submits that the Rent Control Laws have adversely affected the entire
Egyptian real estate and housing sectors, leading to thousands of deaths from collapsing
building, many units left vacant and many others being in an advanced state of
deterioration.
19. The Complainant further submits that many studies have been carried out (including the
World Bank Reports of 1986, 1991 and 2008) all highlighting the injustices of the
Egyptian Rent Control Laws and the negative impacts that it has on the housing crisis in
Egypt.
20. The Complainant finally alleges that the various impositions of rental reductions and the
enactment of the Rent Control Laws constitute violations committed by the Egyptian
executive, senior military and police officials and members of the judiciary, and include
violations of the Victims' (i) right to own and dispose of property; (ii) right to adequate
and affordable housing; and (iii) right to an effective remedy.
Articles alleged to have been violated
21. The Complainant alleges that the Respondent State has violated Articles 14 and 21 of the
African Charter, as well as Articles 1, 7, 8, 17(1) & (2) and 25(1) of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.
Prayers
22. The Complainant requests the Commission to rule that the Egyptian authorities should:
(i)
(ii)
Immediately cancel the Rent Control Law and return the properties to their
owners; and
Compensate the landlords for 65 years of violations of their human rights.
Procedure
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23. The Secretariat received the Complaint on 07 June 2017 and acknowledged receipt on 04
July 2017, informing the Complainant that the Complaint will be tabled before the
Commission for consideration.
Analysis of the Commission on Seizure
24. Rule 93(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission provides for the requirements
which must be met before the Commission shall be seized of a Complaint, including a
preliminary assessment of the requirements under Article 56 of the African Charter. The
Commission is of the view that the Complainant has failed to indicate the steps taken to
exhaust domestic remedies, nor did he provide grounds alleging the impossibility or
unavailability of domestic remedies, as provided under Rule 93(2)(i). While the
Complainant indicates that some cases had been filed on this matter before national
courts, including the Constitutional Court, the Complainant does not provide
information to indicate that the Victin)s themselves had at all attempted to seize the
national courts nor does he provide arguments as to why local remedies do not have to
be exhausted. Thus the Commission finds that there is no prima facie indication that the
Complainant sought redress from national authorities as required by Rule 93(2)(i).
25. Secondly, the Complainant does not provide any indication as to why the submission of
the Complaint is within a reasonable time in terms of Rule 93(2)(h) read with Article
56(6) of the African Charter, given that the violations have been ongoing since 1952 and
the military regime ended in 1981. Furthermore, given that cases were filed before the
Constitutional Court in 1996 and 1997, the failure of the domestic courts to deal with the
matter then should have resulted in the matter being brought before the Commission at
that time. The Commission thus finds that the Complaint has not been brought within a
reasonable time as provided for under Rule 93(2)(h).
Decision of the Commission on Seizure
26. Based on its analysis, the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights decides
not to be seized of this Communication because it does not fulfil the criteria for seizure
provided under Rule 93 (2) of the Commission's Rules of Procedure.
Done in Dakar, Senegal at the 22nd Extra-Ordinary Session of the Commission
held from 29 July to 07 August 2017
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